How can climate change impact forests?

Climate change can significantly impact forests primarily through its effects on tree growth and vulnerability to pests. As temperatures rise and weather patterns shift, trees may experience stress, which can lead to reduced growth rates. For instance, prolonged droughts or increased temperatures can hinder photosynthesis, affecting how well trees thrive.

Additionally, climate change can alter the populations of pests and diseases that affect forests. Warmer temperatures can lead to the proliferation of certain pests that thrive under these conditions, making trees more susceptible to infestations and diseases. This interplay between climate factors and biological threats creates a challenging environment for forests, affecting their health and sustainability.

The other options, while containing elements that could be associated with forest ecosystems, do not capture the primary and immediate effects climate change has on tree growth and increased vulnerability to pests as comprehensively.